Cover design and title pages

Przemysław Spiechowski

Publisher

Magdalena Ścibor

Production coordinator

Mariola Iwona Keppel

eBook created by Polish Scientific Publishers PWN

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Copyright © by Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, Warsaw 2015

The book was sponsored by Grant NCN 2011/03/B/ST5/02731 (Poland)

eBook based on pronted edition from 2015 r., (wyd. I)

Warsaw 2015

ISBN 978-83-01-18971-6

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. CHALCOGENIDE COMPOUNDS

1.1. Sulfides, selenides, tellurides

Mixed chalcogenides

Multicentric chalcogenides

References

2. IONIC CHALCOGENIDES

2.1. Chalcogenides of alkali metals

2.1.1. Lithium chalcogenides

2.1.1.1. Lithium sulfides

2.1.1.2. Lithium selenide

2.1.1.3. Lithium tellurides

2.1.2. Sodium chalcogenides

2.1.2.1. Sodium sulfides

2.1.2.2. Sodium selenides

2.1.2.3. Sodium tellurides

2.1.3. Potassium chalcogenides

2.1.3.1. Potassium sulfides

2.1.3.2. Potassium selenides

2.1.3.3. Potassium tellurides

2.1.4. Rubidium chalcogenides

2.1.4.1. Rubidium sulfides

2.1.4.2. Rubidium selenides

2.1.4.3. Rubidium tellurides

2.1.5. Cesium chalcogenides

2.1.5.1. Cesium sulfides

2.1.5.2. Cesium selenides

2.1.5.3. Cesium tellurides

2.1.6. Francium chalcogenides

2.2. Chalcogenides of alkaline earth metals

2.2.1. Beryllium chalcogenides

2.2.1.1. Beryllium sulfide

2.2.1.2. Beryllium selenide

2.2.1.3. Beryllium telluride

2.2.2. Magnesium chalcogenides

2.2.2.1. Magnesium sulfide

2.2.2.2. Magnesium selenides

2.2.2.3. Magnesium tellurides

2.2.3. Calcium chalcogenides

2.2.3.1. Calcium sulfide

2.2.3.2. Calcium selenide

2.2.3.3. Calcium telluride

2.2.4. Strontium chalcogenides

2.2.4.1. Strontium sulfides

2.2.4.2. Strontium selenide

2.2.4.3. Strontium telluride

2.2.5. Barium chalcogenides

2.2.5.1. Barium sulfides

2.2.5.2. Barium selenide

2.2.5.3. Barium tellurides

2.2.6. Radium chalcogenides

2.2.6.1. Radium sulfide

2.2.6.2. Radium selenide

2.2.6.3. Radium telluride

References

3. CHALCOGENIDES OF THE SP-ELEMENTS

3.1. Chalcogenides of the second period

3.1.1. Boron chalcogenides

3.1.1.1. Binary compounds

3.1.1.2. Multielement compounds

3.1.2. Carbon chalcogenides

3.1.2.1. Binary compounds

3.1.2.2. Multielement compounds

3.2. Chalcogenides of the third period

3.2.1. Aluminum chalcogenides

3.2.1.1. Binary compounds

3.2.1.2. Multielement compounds

3.2.2. Silicon chalcogenides

3.2.2.1. Binary compounds

3.2.2.2. Multielement compounds

3.3. Chalcogenides of the fourth period

3.3.1. Gallium chalcogenides

3.3.1.1. Binary compounds

3.3.1.2. Multielement compounds

3.3.1.3. Copper(I) gallium-indium selenide

3.3.2. Germanium chalcogenides

3.3.2.1. Binary compounds

3.3.2.2. Multielement compounds

3.3.3. Arsenic chalcogenides

3.3.3.1. Binary compounds

3.3.3.2. Multielement compounds

3.4. Chalcogenides of the fifth period

3.4.1. Indium chalcogenides

3.4.1.1. Binary compounds

3.4.1.2. Multielement compounds

3.4.2. Tin chalcogenides

3.4.2.1. Binary compounds

3.4.2.2. Multielement compounds

3.4.3. Antimony chalcogenides

3.4.3.1. Binary compounds

3.4.3.2. Multielement compounds

3.5. Chalcogenides of the sixth period

3.5.1. Thallium chalcogenides

3.5.2. Lead chalcogenides

3.5.3. Bismuth chalcogenides

3.5.3.1. Binary compounds

3.5.3.2. Multielement compounds

References

4. CHALCOGENIDES OF THE DSP-ELEMENTS

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Chalcogenides of the scandium subgroup elements

4.2.1. Chalcogenides of scandium

4.2.1.1. Sulfide compounds of scandium

4.2.1.2. Selenides and tellurides of scandium

4.2.2. Chalcogenides of yttrium

4.2.2.1. Sulfide compounds of yttrium

4.2.2.2. Selenide compounds of yttrium

4.2.2.3. Telluride compounds of yttrium

4.3. Chalcogenides of titanium subgroup elements

4.3.1. Chalcogenides of titanium

4.3.1.1. Sulfide compounds of titanium

4.3.1.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of titanium

4.3.2. Chalcogenides of zirconium

4.3.2.1. Suflide compounds of zirconium

4.3.2.2. Selenide compounds of zirconium

4.3.2.3. Telluride compounds of zirconium

4.3.3. Chalcogenides of hafnium

4.3.3.1. Sulfide compounds of hafnium

4.3.3.2. Selenides and tellurides of hafnium

4.4. Chalcogenides of vanadium subgroup elements

4.4.1. Chalcogenides of vanadium

4.4.1.1. Sulfide compounds of vanadium

4.4.1.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of vanadium

4.4.2. Chalcogenides of niobium

4.4.2.1. Sulfide compounds of niobium

4.4.2.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of niobium

4.4.3. Chalcogenides of tantalum

4.4.3.1. Sulfide compounds of tantalum

4.4.3.2. Selenide compounds of tantalum

4.4.3.3. Telluride compounds of tantalum

4.5. Chalcogenides of the chromium subgroup elements

4.5.1. Chalcogenides of chromium

4.5.1.1. Sulfide compounds of chromium

4.5.1.2. Selenide compounds of chromium

4.5.1.3. Telluride compounds of chromium

4.5.2. Chalcogenides of molybdenum

4.5.2.1. Sulfide compounds of molybdenum

4.5.2.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of molybdenum

4.5.3. Chalcogenides of tungsten

4.5.3.1. Sulfide compounds of tungsten

4.5.3.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of tungsten

4.6. Chalcogenides of the manganese subgroup elements

4.6.1. Chalcogenides of manganese

4.6.1.1. Sulfide compounds of manganese

4.6.1.2. Selenide compounds of manganese

4.6.1.3. Telluride compounds of manganese

4.6.2. Chalcogenides of technetium

4.6.2.1. Sulfide, selenide and telluride compounds of technetium

4.6.3. Chalcogenides of rhenium

4.6.3.1. Sulfide, selenide and telluride of rhenium

4.7. Chalcogenides of iron subgroup elements

4.7.1. Chalcogenides of iron

4.7.1.1. Sulfide compounds of iron

4.7.1.2. Selenide compounds of iron

4.7.1.3. Telluride compounds of iron

4.7.2. Chalcogenides of ruthenium

4.7.2.1. Sulfides, selenides and tellurides of ruthenium

4.7.3. Chalcogenides of osmium

4.7.3.1. Sulfides, selenides and tellurides of osmium

4.8. Chalcogenides of the cobalt subgroup elements

4.8.1. Chalcogenides of cobalt

4.8.1.1. Sulfide compounds of cobalt

4.8.1.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of cobalt

4.8.2. Chalcogenides of rhodium

4.8.2.1. Sulfides of rhodium

4.8.2.2. Selenides and tellurides of rhodium

4.8.3. Chalcogenides of iridium

4.8.3.1. Sulfides of iridium

4.8.3.2. Selenides and tellurides of iridium

4.9. Chalcogenides of the nickel subgroup elements

4.9.1. Chalcogenides of nickel

4.9.1.1. Sulfide compounds of nickel

4.9.1.2. Selenides and tellurides of nickel

4.9.2. Chalcogenides of palladium

4.9.2.1. Sulfide compounds of palladium

4.9.2.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of palladium

4.9.3. Chalcogenides of platinum

4.9.3.1. Sulfide compounds of platinum

4.9.3.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of platinum

4.10. Chalcogenides of the copper subgroup elements

4.10.1. Chalcogenides of copper

4.10.1.1. Sulfide compounds of copper

4.10.1.2. Selenide compounds of copper

4.10.1.3. Telluride compounds of copper

4.10.2. Chalcogenides of silver

4.10.2.1. Sulfide compounds of silver

4.10.2.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of silver

4.10.3. Chalcogenides of gold

4.10.3.1. Sulfides, selenides and tellurides of gold

4.11. Chalcogenides of the zinc subgroup elements

4.11.1. Chalcogenides of zinc

4.11.1.1. Sulfide compounds of zinc

4.11.1.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of zinc

4.11.2. Chalcogenides of cadmium

4.11.2.1. Sulfide compounds of cadmium

4.11.2.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of cadmium

4.11.3. Chalcogenides of mercury

4.11.3.1. Sulfide compounds of mercury

4.11.3.2. Selenide and telluride compounds of mercury

4.12. Metal-rich chalcogenides

4.12.1. Metal-rich chalcogenides of scandium

4.12.2. Metal-rich chalcogenides of titanium

References

5. CHALCOGENIDES OF LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES

5.1.1. Chalcogenides with stoichiometry LnQ

5.1.2. Chalcogenides with stoichiometry Ln₂Q₃

5.1.3. Chalcogenides with stoichiometry LnQ₂

5.1.4. Chalcogenides with stoichiometry Ln₂Q₅

5.1.5. Chalcogenides with stoichiometry Ln₃Q₄

References

5.2.1. Chalcogenides with stoichiometry AnQ

5.2.2. Chalcogenides with stoichiometry An₂Q₃

5.2.3. Chalcogenides with stoichiometry AnQ₂

5.2.4. Chalcogenides with stoichiometry An₂Q₅

5.2.5. Actinide chalcogenides with less common stoichiometry

5.2.5.1. AnQ₃

5.2.5.2. An₃Q₄

5.2.5.3. An₃Q₅

References

Wszystkie rozdziały dostępne w pełnej wersji książki.

INTRODUCTION

Last decades brought a development in research of new materials, especially in photovoltaics. They are the most often substances not occurring under natural conditions and they can be obtained only with the use of new preparation methods. These are, first of all, binary compounds, such as fluorides, sulfides, selenides, tellurides, nitrides, arsenides, phosphides, antimonides, silicides, and also complex ternary compounds – products of reactions of the binary compounds mentioned, such as fluoro- or thiosalts or complex selenides. The latter are capable of forming many compounds with various elements of the periodic system, e.g. aluminium MAlS₂, gallium MGaS₂, silicon M₂SiS₃, M₄SiS₄, arsenic M₃AsS₄ etc. (where M is a metal of the 1st group in the periodic system).

A poor side of inorganic chemistry may result from the lack of general theory enabling a uniform presentation of structures, properties, and preparation methods of the enormous amount of compounds hitherto obtained. Such a state was also a limiting factor in theoretical forecasting. The new version of the morphological classification, used in this monograph, has become possible, at least in part, to present instead of encyclopaedic review of chemical compounds a balanced, coherent and comprehensive knowledge of the chemistry of chalcogenides.

In the recent decade, sulfides, selenides and tellurides probably have become the most fashionable group of simple chemical compounds, mainly owing to several compounds, such as zinc and cadmium sulfides, zinc and cadmium selenides or zinc and cadmium tellurides, and more complex ternary CuSnS₂, and quaternary CuInxGa1-xSe₂ (CIGS) or Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS – kesterite) etc. – all referred to as compounds of technological future in optoelectronics and photovoltaics. The nanopowders of CdSe are used as inorganic part of composites in new light-emitting diodes. The thin layers of CdTe can replace thick silicon layers in solar cells. CIGS also successfully replaces silicon in photovoltaics. Kesterite seems to be an ideal candidate for new, cheap and ecological friendly nanophotovoltaics.

The monograph should therefore play a ternary role. First, it should present the crystal structures of the known chalcogenides. Second, the monograph should explain a wide range of preparation methods and basic chemical properties of the known chalcogenides that can be important from a practical point of view. Third, the book should explain to the reader the possibility of transferring the relationships known in the domain of oxygen or nitrogen compounds to other groups of new chemical compounds, such as sulfides, selenides and tellurides. In this place, the use of the morphological classification of simple chemical species is very useful to preview some phenomena and relationships. The book will not be able, however, to completely fill the gap existing in the literature of chalcogenides, since crystal structures of many of them have not been confirmed .